Extraction of biologically active substances from raw walnut (Juglans regia L.) materials: current approaches

Download full text PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29296/25419218-2019-01-01
Issue: 
1
Year: 
2019

V.V. Vernikovsky(1), Zh.V. Daironas(1), I.N. Zilfikarov(2), Z.D. Khadzhieva(1) 1-Pyatigorsk Medical Pharmaceutical Institute, Branch, Volgograd State Medical University, 11, Kalinin Prospect, Pyatigorsk 357532, Russian Federation 2-All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 7, Grin St., Build. 1, Moscow 117216, Russia

The biologically active substances of walnut (Juglans regia L.) have antioxidant, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antifungal, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic activities. The main group of its chemical composition are phenolic compounds including naphthoquinones (juglone and its derivatives), flavonoids (juglanin, avicularin, hyperoside), phenolic acids (caffeic, gallic, rosmarinic, chlorogenic, ferulic, etc.), linear or the macrocyclic diarylheptanoids of the biarylic (juglanin B) and diaryl ester (juglanin A and rhoiptelol) types, and tannins. A traditional approach, such as extraction, is used to prepare common and individual herbal medicines from walnut in order to study its chemical composition and pharmacological activity. The most commonly used raw materials are green parts of the plant, primarily leaves and fruits. In doing so, a variety of extraction methods (preference is given to different techniques of maceration) and different solvents, mainly methyl and ethyl alcohols, are applied. The resultant extracts are converted into a dry extract, by using rotary vacuum evaporators, which is due to the greater compactness and convenient storage of this formulation.
Keywords: 
walnut
Juglans regia L.
extraction
References: 
  1. Oliveira I., Sousa A., Ferreira I.C. et al. Total phenols, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husks. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2008; 46: 2326–31.
  2. Pereira J.A., Oliveira I., Sousa A. et al. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) leaves: phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2007; 45: 2287–95.
  3. Noumi E., Snoussi M., Trabelsi N. et al. Antibacterial, anticandidal and antioxidant activities of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts. J. Med. Plants Res., 2011; 5: 4138–46.
  4. Kale A.A., Sucheta A.G., Gayatri S.K. et al. In vitro anthelmintic activity of stem bark of Juglans regia L. J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011; 3: 298–302.
  5. Dolatabadia S., Moghadama H.N., Mahdavi-Ourtakandb M. Evaluating the anti-biofilm and antibacterial effects of Juglans regia L. extracts against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2018; 118: 285–9.
  6. Noumi E., Mejdi S., Ines N. et al. Comparative study on the antifungal and antioxidant properties of natural and colored Juglans regia L. barks: a high activity against vaginal Candida strains. Life Sci. J., 2014;11: 327–35.
  7. Noumi E., Snoussi M., Hajlaoui H. et al. Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2010; 29: 81–8.
  8. Iqbal J., Siddiqui R., Kazmi S.U., Khan N.A. A simple assay to screen antimicrobial compounds potentiating the activity of current antibiotics. Biomed. Res. Int., 2013; 2013: 9273–823. Doi: 10.1155/2013/927323. Epub 2013 Jun 20.
  9. Zakavi F., Golpasand Hagh L., Daraeighadikolaei A. et al. Antibacterial effect of Juglans regia bark against oral pathologic bacteria. International Journal of Dentistry, 2013; 2013: 8547–655.
  10. Quave C.L., Plano L.R., Pantuso T., Bennett B.C. Effects of extracts from Italian medicinal plants on planktonic growth, biofilm formation and adherence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2008; 118: 418–28.
  11. Raja V. et al. Anticandidal activity of ethanolic root extract of Juglans regia L.: Effect on growth, cell morphology, and key virulence factors. Journal de Mycologie Médicale, 2017; 27 (4): 476–86.
  12. Zhang X.-B., Zou C.-L., Duan Y.-X. et al. Activity guided isolation and modification of juglone from Juglans regia as potent cytotoxic agent against lung cancer cell lines. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015; 15: 396. DOI 10.1186/s12906-015-0920-0
  13. Джафарова Р.Э., Гараев Г.Ш., Джафаркулиева З.С. Возможности использования лекарственных растений для профилактики развития сахарного диабета и его поздних осложнений. Медицинские новости Грузии, 2009; 5 (170): 110–4. [Dzhafarova R.E., Garaev G.Sh., Dzhafarkulieva Z.S. Possibilities of using medicinal plants for preventing the development of diabetes mellitus and its late complications. Meditsinskie novosti Gruzii, 2009; 5 (170): 110–4 (in Russian)].
  14. Jelodar G., Mohsen M., Shahram S. Effect of walnut leaf, corian-der and pomegranate on blood glucose and histopathology of pancreas of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2007; 43: 299–305.
  15. Ravanbakhsh A., Mahdavi M., Jalilzade-Amin G. et al. Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of the Median Septum of Juglans regia in Wistar Rats. Adv. Pharm. Bull, 2016; 6 (4): 541–9. DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.068.
  16. Alberti Á. et al., Characterization of diarylheptanoids: An emerging class of bioactive natural products. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2018; 147: 13-34.
  17. Дайронас Ж.В., Зилфикаров И.Н. Изучение фенольных соединений листьев ореха грецкого и ореха чёрного методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Вопросы биологической, медицинской и фармацевтической химии, 2013; 11 (3): 57–60. [Daironas Zh.V., Zilfikarov I.N. Study of phenolic compounds of walnut and black walnut leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography. Voprosi biologichesroy, meditsinskoy i farmatsivticheskoy khimii, 2013; 11 (3): 57–60 (in Russian)].
  18. Fukuda T., Ito H., Hatano T., Yoshida T. Walnut polyphenols: their structures and functions. J. Pharm. Soc. Jpn., 2006; 126: 32–5.
  19. Liu J., Meng M., Li C. et al. Simultaneous determination of three diarylheptanoids and an α-tetralone derivative in the green walnut husks (Juglans regia L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector. J. Chromatogr., 2008; A 1190: 80–5.
  20. Jabli M., Sebeia N., Boulares M., Faidi K. Chemical analysis of the characteristics of Tunisian Juglans regia L. fractions: Antibacterial potential, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy and a full investigation of their dyeing properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 2017; 108: 690–9.
  21. Vieira V., Prieto M.A., Barros L. et al. Optimization and comparison of maceration and microwave extraction systems for the production of phenolic compounds from Juglans regia L. for the valorization of walnut leaves. Industrial Crops and Products, 2017; 107: 341–52.
  22. Vieira V., Prieto M.A., Barros L. et al. Enhanced extraction of phenolic compounds using choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents from Juglans regia L. Industrial Crops and Products, 2018; 115: 261–71.
  23. Kamali H., Ahmadzadeh Sani T., Mohammadi A. et al. A comparison between pressurized hot water and pressurized liquid extraction for optimizing phenolic and antioxidants capacity of the wooden layer between of walnut seed. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2018; 133 (1): 535–41.
  24. Fernández-Agulló A., Pereira E., Freire M.S. et al. Influence of solvent on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 2013; 42: 126–32.
  25. Castro-López C., Ventura-Sobrevilla J.M., González-Hernández M.D. et al. Impact of extraction techniques on antioxidant capacities and phytochemical composition of polyphenol-rich extracts. Food Chemistry, 2017; 237: 1139–48.
  26. Serakta M., Djerrou Z., Mansour-Djaalab H. et al. Antileishmanial activity of some plants growing in Algeria: Juglans regia, Lawsonia inermis and Salvia officinalis. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med., 2013; 10 (3): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i3.7